Практически единственное средство лечения разрушений файловой системы во
всех Unix - утилита fsck. Если не лечит она, то дело ваше почти безнадежно.
Я бы посоветовал в морг, но энтузиасты могут еще немного подергаться.
Примечание: команды приведенные в примерах следует выполнять только
внимательно взвесив возможные последствия. Поэтому в примерах реальные
имена спецфайлов разделов жесткого диска заменены на /dev/hd-name
(в реальной жизни применяется /dev/hda2, /dev/hdb3 /dev/sda1...)
Тонкая рихтовка fs tune2fs позволяет поменять настраиваемые параметры
файловой системы -c max-mount-counts -m reserved-blocks-percentage и т.п.
tune2fs -m 1 /dev/hd-name # найдет вам еще 50Mb свободного места,
# и позволит учинить на оставшемся клочке
# свободного места катастрофическую фрагментацию
Стандартное лечение файловой системы:
fsck -y /dev/hd-name
Форсированное лечение с проверкой и "замещением" bad-блоков
fsck -y -c -f /dev/hd-name
# -y неинтерактивное лечение "yes" на все вопросы
# -c найти bad-блоки readonly тестом и перенести в inod bad-блоков
# -f форсировать проверку (игнорировать флаг "fs is clean"
Если погиб основной суперблок, добавить ключ -b 8193 или -b 16385 ...
указав запасную копию. Номера запасных sb сообщает при разметке раздела
утилита newfs. (Вы конечно же сохранили ее листинг?)
Распечатать размещение служебных структур fs и параметры суберблока
могут команды tune2fs -l и dumpe2fs
tune2fs /dev/hd-name
dumpe2fs /dev/hd-name
Если погибли _все_ копии суперблока - последний шанс mke2fs -S прописать
_только_ структуры суперблоков и описатели групп, не трогая самих данных
mke2fs -S /dev/hd-name # Write superblock and group descriptors only
fsck -y /dev/hd-name # сразу всед за этим запустить fsck
И даже это еще не конец. Для сильных духом остается отладчик файловой
системы debugfs
man debugfs
Поведение в авариной ситуации
Естественно, целее будете, если загрузитесь в single-user mode
Для этого перехватить при загрузке LILO-промпт (Left-alt)
И в команду загрузки добавить параметр single
Lilo: linux single
В linux'овский single-user можно попасть только зная пароль root. Не зная
пароля, надо грузиться так:
Lilo: linux init=/bin/sh
или даже так (если подготовлена rescue-дискета с файловой системой unix)
Lilo: linux init=/bin/sh root=/dev/fd0H1440
Перемонтировать корневой раздел из readonly в write
mount -t ext2 -n -o remount,rw /dev/hd-root /
Смонтировать разрушенную fs, используая альтернативный суперблок
mount -t ext2 -o sb=8193,nocheck /dev/hd-name /mntname
Подробности (вы будете смеяться):
man mount
Linux: файловая система ext2 и ext3: UNDELETE/UNERASE
Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem
http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html
Linux Ext2fs Undeletion mini-HOWTO
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Ext2fs-Undeletion.html
Origin
http://lde.sourceforge.net/UNERASE.txt
I imagine that most of the people initially using this package
will be the ones who have recently deleted something. After all,
that's what finally inspired me to learn enough about the different
file systems to write this package. Undelete under unix really isn't
that hard, it really only suffers the same problems that DOS undelete
does which is -- you can't recover data that someone else has just
overwritten.
If you are quick and have very few users on your system there
is a good chance that the data will be intact and you can go ahead
with a successful undelete. I don't recommend using this package to
undelete your /usr/bin directory or really any directory, but if you
have trashed a piece of irreplaceable code or data, undelete is where
it's at. If you can reinstall or have recent backups I'd recommend
you try them. But it's up to you, besides, sometimes playing with
lde/undelete for a while is a lot more fun than going back and
recoding a few hours worth of lost work.
Before I tell you how to undelete stuff, have a look at
doc/minix.tex (or the ps or dvi version). Even if you aren't using a
minix file system, read it carefully, it will get you used to the
terms and the general idea behind things here.
These are the steps for a successful undelete:
######################### STEP ONE ##################################
Unmount the partition which has the erased file on it. If you
want to, you can remount it read-only, but it isn't necessary.
NOTE: lde does some checks to see if the file system is mounted, but
it does not check if it was mounted read-only. Some functions will be
deactivated for any (read-only or read/write) mounted partition.
######################### STEP TWO ##################################
Figure out what you want to undelete. If you know what kind
of file you are looking for (tar file, compressed file, C file),
finding it will be a lot easier. There are a few ways to look for
file data.
lde supports a type search and a string search for data at the
beginning of a file. Currently, the supported types include gz
(gzip), tgz (tarred gzip file), and script (those beginning with
"#!/").
---- EXAMPLE ----
String search (search for a PKzip file - starts with PK, -O 0 not required):
lde -S PK -O 0 /dev/hda1
String search (search for JPEG files - JIFF starts at byte 6):
lde -S JIFF -O 6 /dev/hda1
Type search (search for a gzipped tar file):
lde -T tgz /dev/hda1
-------------------
When searching by type, you can also include the filename;
the desired pattern will be extracted from the file. You should
specify an offest (-O) and length (-L) when using this option. This
option was included to make generalized searches easier. You can
find pattern, length, and offset information in /etc/magic which you
can use to generate your own template files, or specify lengths and
offsets so that existing files may be used as templates.
---- EXAMPLE ----
Type search (search for core file - see /etc/magic to determine -O/-L):
lde -T /proc/kcore -O 216 -L 4 /dev/hda1
-----------------
If you add --recoverable to the command line, it will check to see if
another active inode uses any blocks in this inode. If no blocks are
marked used by another inode, "recovery possible" will be printed. If
blocks are used by another file "recovery NOT possible" will be
printed to the screen. You may still be able to get some data back
even when it reports that recovery is not possible. To get an idea of
how many blocks are in use, you will have to check its recoverablilty
from lde via its curses interface.
---- EXAMPLE ----
./lde --paranoid -T script --ilookup --recoverable /dev/hda5
---- OUTPUT ----
Paranoid flag set. Opening device "/dev/hda5" read-only.
User requested autodetect filesystem. Checking device . . .
Found ext2fs on device.
Match at block 0x107, check inode 0xB, recovery possible.
Match at block 0x421E7, no unused inode found.
-----------------
When you run lde in these mode, it will report a block (and
inode if you are lucky and used the --ilookup flag) where a match was
found. Take this inode number and go to step (3).
If lde doesn't report anything on its own, or the search
detailed above does not suit your needs, you can use grep to search
the partition for data and pipe it through lde which will attempt to
find a block and inode again. The recommended procedure (all this can
go on one line, the '\' indicates continuation) is:
grep -b SEARCH DEVICE | awk '{FS = ":" } ; {print $1 }' | \
lde ${LDE_OPT} --grep DEVICE
A shell script (crash_recovery/grep-inode) is included that will do
this for you.
grep-inode [grep_options] search_string device
---- EXAMPLE ----
grep-inode -i MyDevelopment.h /dev/hda1
-----------------
If none of these search methods are productive, you can page
through the disk with an editor (emacs /dev/hda2) or the preferred
choice might be to page through it with lde. Fire up lde and go into
block mode (hit 'b') then use PG_UP/PG_DN to flip through all the
blocks until you find one you like. Hitting '^R' while displaying the
block will attempt to find an inode which references the block.
######################## STEP THREE #################################
If you have an inode number, things are looking good. Go into
inode mode and display this inode. Then hit 'R' (use capital 'R') to
copy the inode information to the recovery block list and enter
recovery mode. Now hit 'R' again and lde will prompt you for a file
name (you can include a full path). Make sure you write it to a FILE
SYSTEM OTHER THAN THE ONE WHICH THE DELETED FILE RESIDES ON or you
will probably overwrite it as you go. One day, when lde supports disk
writes, it will be able to undelete the file to its original location,
but for now this is safer.
The recovered file will be a little larger than the original
as the last block will be padded with zeroes (or whatever was on the
disk at the end of the last block). If you did find an inode for the
deleted file, you can copy its old size to the new inode by using lde
to edit the two inodes (don't use lde's copy/paste as it will copy the
entire inode and undo all the work you just did to restore the file).
###################### OTHER OPTIONS ################################
If you were unable to find an intact inode, things are going
to be tough. You will have to find all the blocks in the file in
order. If your disk is relatively unfragmented, you can hopefully
find everything in order or close by at least. Currently, you have to
tag all the direct blocks, then find the indirect blocks and tag them.
If the indirect block was wiped or you are unable to find it,
you've got a lot of work to do. You can copy individual blocks one at
a time to the recovery file by using 'w' in block mode. Display the
next block in the file, hit 'w', then enter the filename (if you hit
enter, the last filename will be reused and the block will be appended
to the file). lde will always ask if you want to append, overwrite,
or cancel when a file exists. You can override this by setting the
append flag from the flags menu ('f' from most modes).
If you find any type of indirect block, you can copy it to the
recovery inode in its corresponding position and recover a whole bunch
of blocks at once. Leave the direct blocks filled with zeros.
Another option is to use dd. Real programmers still probably
use emacs and dd to hack a fs. ;) If you know there are a bunch (one
or more) of contiguous blocks on the disk, you can use the unix
command dd to copy them from the device to a file.
---- EXAMPLE ----
To copy blocks 200-299 from the device /dev/hda1 to /home/recover/file1:
dd if=/dev/hda1 of=/home/recover/file1 bs=1024 count=100 skip=200
if input file or device
of output file or device
bs blocksize (will be 1024 for most linux fs's)
count number of blocks to copy
skip number of blocks to skip from the start of the device
-----------------
Read the dd man page for more info.
#################### ABOUT INDIRECT BLOCKS ##########################
[ Mail from to an lde user ]
> 1 - install a routine that lets you read what the indirect blocks
> are pointing to in the chain, I mean, I know that file X has 2
> indirect blocks but what blocks do these point to and how do I find
> out?
This is hard to describe, but if you have figured out how to
use inode mode any you are looking at the blocklist contained in that
inode (it should list all the direct blocks and the 1x, 2x, and 3x
indirect blocks), when you hit 'B' when the cursor is sitting on the
1x indirect block, it will take you to that block in block mode, then
each entry in that block (most likely each entry is 4 bits -- as in
the ext2 fs) points to another block in the chain.
I.E.
INDIRECT BLOCK: 0x000200
Now look at block 0x000200
0000: 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 : 04 04 04 00 10 01 00 00
This would indicate the the next 4 blocks in the file are
0x00000001, 0x00000002, 0x00040404, 0x00000110
The same is true for double indirect blocks, but the double indirect
blocks contains pointers to more indirect block which you must then
look up as above.
That was a pretty lousy explaination, someday I do plan to add a
feature where you may view all the blocks in a file without doing the
indirect indexing yourself. For now, lde is mostly a crutch for last
ditch efforts at file recovery, but I'm glad if people find other uses
for it.
################# RECOVERING WITHOUT INODES #######################
[ This is mail to a person who was unable to find an inode, it gives
some last ditch suggestions before giving up. ]
In a perfect world, or on a virgin disk, everything would
be sequential. But with things like unix and (network) file sharing,
many people can write to the disk at the same time, so the blocks
can get interleaved. Also depending on the free space situation of
the disk, the two free blocks may not exist sequentially on the disk.
Also, there are file "holes" in ext2 where there are block pointers of
zero on the disk. Normally an indirect block would point to 256
direct blocks, but with zero entries it may be less than this.
If things are perfect, here is how I imagine your disk is
layed out:
Direct blocks 1-9: you already know where these are and they
are in that tiny recovery file (9k). These
were not sequential, so it makes me wonder
if the rest of the bytes will be layed out
in order.
Indirect block: This takes up one block and ideally your
data would start right after it.
256 blocks of data:
2x indirect block: Should only have one entry, pointing to the
next block on the disk
indirect block: pointed to by the 2xindirect block
88 blocks of data:
So my last ditch recommendation is to use dd to copy the blocks off
the disk and then cat all the dd'ed files together.
0x5e65e - 0x5e660 |
0x61a72 |
0x5e661 +-- These are the direct blocks, you could
0x61ad4 | use the lde recovered file instead of
0x5e662 - 0x5e664 | dd + cat.
0x5e665 - 0x5e764 - 256 blocks of data
0x5e750 - 0x5e7a8 - 88 blocks of data
Things look bad becаuse the numbers are out of sequence (those 256
blocks of data should end right before the 2x indirect block at 0x5e74
there's 0x10 blocks unaccounted for (maybe this is just some of the
ext2 file system data which is dispersed about the disk -- it could
fall anywhere in that data range if it's there).
So try:
---- EXAMPLE ----
lde (recover direct blocks to /home/recover/block1)
dd if=/dev/sdb1 of=/home/recover/block2 bs=1024 count=256 skip=386661
dd if=/dev/sdb1 of=/home/recover/block3 bs=1024 count=88 skip=386896
cat block.1 block2 block3 > access_file.dos
-----------------
#################### TRIPLE INDIRECT BLOCKS #########################
[ This is a response to one persons request for immediate help
recovering a very large file -- the stuff about the triple block
having _three_ entries was specific to this persons problem. In general
though, the triple indirect block will not have very many entries, so
this method might be viable until I get things together and write in
the triple indirect block support. ]
lde allows you to append a single block to the recover file
(use 'w' from block mode) -- you can page through the triple indirect
blocks to figure out the block order and then write each block to the
recover file. I.e. after piecing things together from the triple
indirect block, you should have a list of all the blocks in the file,
now display the first block on the screen, write it to the file,
display the second block, write it to the file . . . I really don't
think it's worth it for 145,000 blocks though.
The semi-automated way to do this is to make some fake inodes.
The triple indirect inode should be pretty empty - maybe 3 entires.
Each of these entries points to a double indirect block. Solution:
1) Recover any direct/indirect/double indirect blocks in
the original inode to a file. Do this with lde.
2) Look at the triple indirect block. It should have 3
entries. Write down the 3 double indirect blocks listed here.
3) Use the recover mode fake inode, fill in all entires with
zeroes. Now fill in the 1st double indirect block that
you wrote down in step 2 in the slot for the 2x indirect
block.
4) Execute a recover, dump it to a file, say "file1". Repeat
step 3 with the other two double indirect inodes from step 2.
5) Now you should have 4 files, catenate them all together and
with any luck, it will un-tar.
Популярность: 1, Last-modified: Sun, 04 Jun 2023 07:04:45 GmT